Tag: daniel

Resisting Indoctrination, part 2 (Daniel 1:3-7)

Do you remember the Sunday school song Dare to be a Denial?

Dare to be a Daniel
Dare to stand alone
Dare to have a purpose firm
Dare to make it known
Standing by a purpose true
Heeding God’s command
Honor them, the faithful few
All hail to Daniel’s band

I find it amazing that these four young men, facing tremendous pressures to give up their faith and assimilate into the Babylonian culture, stood firm for God. Daniel was entirely alone, but he was able to stand alone and lead his friends to stay true to the God of Israel.

Last week we began to look at how Nebuchadnezzar was attempting to indoctrinate these young Hebrew youths into becoming good Babylonians—not only politically, but religiously, psychologically, mentally and emotionally. Like Satan, Nebuchadnezzar wanted to capture their hearts, their deepest loyalties to himself and his gods.

Thus, we saw last week that he ripped them from their homes and support systems, leaving them vulnerable to suggestion and temptations. He chose impressionable youths that he could train in his system. He very possibly made them eunuchs, which would keep them undistracted at least and more docile and submissive at best. And we saw that he trained them for three years in Babylon U, immersing them in the polytheistic religion and practices of the “magicians and enchanters” (Dan. 1:21). As youth are always fascinating with new ideas, the old truths of Judaism would become irrelevant, or maybe even no longer worthy of being believed.

What else did Nebuchadnezzar do to try to capture their loyalty?

Fifth, they were treated with kindness, receiving from the king “a daily portion of the food that the king ate, and of the wine that he drank” (Dan. 1:5). D. A. Bayliss reveals the temptation:

To assume that the world has only one angle of attack, or to assume it will play in a straightforward manner is always a mistake. In this passage the young men had been taken from their homes and permanently mutilated. The hopes and aspirations they might properly have had had been taken from them. At this point the cost of being in Babylon would have been very clear to the young Jews and resentment would readily have built. And thus the world switches tactic. Suddenly the king is taking a personal interest and providing them meat directly from the royal table. It is not difficult to imagine how readily an uncertain person would have grasped at this sign of potential favor. It is a long distance from a poor, besieged, tributary nation to the sumptuous luxury of Babylonian life. Yet the king had kindly offered to feed these young men food that would make them healthy.

Iain Duguid comments: “This provides us with a picture of the world’s strategy of spiritual reprogramming. At its most effective, it consists of a subtle combination of threat and promise, of enforcement and encouragement. Those who are totally recalcitrant may be sent to prison camps or gulags if necessary, but the majority of the population are more easily assimilated if they are well fed and provided for. After all, more flies are caught with honey than with vinegar. The fundamental goal of the whole process, though, was in one way or another to obliterate all memory of Israel and Israel’s God from the lips and the minds of these young men, and to instill into them a sense of total dependence on Nebuchadnezzar for all of the good things in life” (Daniel: Reformed Expository Commentary, p. 9).

In the words of David Jeremiah, “He wanted them to get accustomed to the good things of the palace so they would never be satisfied to leave the king’s service” (Agents of Babylon, pp. 18-19). This would place them under a sense of obligation as well as accustom them to luxury, lavishness and comfort.

And isn’t this still Satan’s way today? With some he may violently persecute them, but for many of us he works more effectively by seducing and deceiving us into desiring his dainties that he sets before us rather than the riches of Christ. It reminds me of that great quote by C. S. Lewis in his “The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses” when he said: “It would seem that Our Lord finds our desires not too strong, but too weak. We are half-hearted creatures, fooling about with drink and sex and ambition when infinite joy is offered us, like an ignorant child who wants to go on making mud pies in a slum because he cannot imagine what is meant by the offer of a holiday at the sea. We are far too easily pleased.”

Sixth, Nebuchadnezzar changed their names.

Verse 7 says, “the chief of the eunuchs gave them names: Daniel he called Belteshazzar, Hananiah he called Shadrach, Mishael he called Meshach, and Azariah he called Abednego.”

This was part of the psychological and spiritual reprogramming; and was this a clever tool. It was all designed to encourage them to forget about the past and become “new men,” to put their race and their religion behind them.

We all have names. We’ve all received names throughout our lives, some of them unwanted, like fat, ugly and stupid.

It is important to remember our true name, our real name, especially our spiritual identity. The names you allow to label you often title the scripts you live by.
In the Bible, names were given to show the ownership or sovereignty of the name-giver. Adam named the animals; God changed names to indicate new destinies. In the Bible, names were vitally important.

This explains why the number one goal of your Enemy, the Devil, is to attack your identity. He wants to give you a different name, one that stands in direct contrast to the name God gave you when He created you. He wants to give you the name “Ugly” or “Stupid” or “Worthless.”

We live in a world where people have become adept at doing what is right in their own eyes, defining their identities according to their own constantly shifting desires. From school-age children who want to change their genders to couples of the same gender planning their weddings, it’s increasingly acceptable to pursue what feels right.

But there are limits as to how far we can go to reinvent ourselves. Our created bodies provide some limits, but also the fact that we have been created by God, in His image.

God knows who He made each of us to be, and in the end his design is always better than what we come up with on our own. Daniel understood this even though Babylon U gave them new names.

This was not an innocent attribution of nicknames, but an intentional strategy to try to fully acculturate these men into Babylonian culture. In those days, when victors integrated enslaved captives into their own culture, it was customary to change the captives’ names as a sign of new ownership. These new names are meant to obliterate the old identities.

In colleges and companies today people will applaud and even promote you taking on a new name, like Gay Christian, or Trans Christian or White Fragility Christian, or to apply new pronouns to yourself.

Their original Hebrew names of these four young men had been given to them at birth to reflect the glory of God. Now, their new names are intended to remind them, every time they hear their name called, that their God is as good as dead.

Rodney Storz sees this as an attempt to change their worship. It wasn’t just about them and their self identities as much as it was about the way that they would see God. It was to enforce a total break from their past lives, to make them believe about themselves and about their god something new and different.

The Hebrew names of these young men were Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. They were changed to Belteshazzar, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. It should be immediately evident to anyone with even a limited knowledge of Hebrew that the Jewish names of these men each contains a name of God and has a spiritual meaning. Their parents named them to remind them of their spiritual heritage in relation to the one true God.

The name Daniel means “Elohim is my judge.” Elohim is one of the Hebrew names for God. The name Belteshazzar means “May Bel protect his life.” Bel is one of the gods of Babylon.

The prince of the eunuchs decided that his life must be spent under the shadow of the Babylonian God Bel, the patron God of Babylon, otherwise known as Marduk. He was the sun god and believed to be all-powerful.

“Imagine this young man, while striving to remain true to his Lord, being labeled with the name Baal, the one false god who had likely been the greatest stumbling block for wayward Jews over the centuries” (Amir Tsarfati, Discovering Daniel, p. 27).

Hananiah means, “Yahweh is gracious.” Yahweh is the personal name of the God of the Bible. Shadrach means, “Aku is exalted.” Others believe that “Shadrach” is an Akkadian term meaning I am fearful, command of Aku.

Again, this was designed to directly contradict the meaning of his original name – “Under the gracious care of God” to “Under the enlightening care of the sun/moon god.” This might seem to be an improvement because they were now living under God’s wrath. Hananiah needed to remember that God was gracious, even in the midst of judgment. But that is the rub, isn’t it? I think we all struggle with that.

More than a thousand years earlier, Abraham had turned his back on this very god and chosen to worship the true and living God instead.

Mishael means, “Who is what Elohim is?” while Meshach means, “Who is what Aku is?” Surely this was a form of insult. Phillips believes that this goddess was also known as Ashtoreth, Astarte, or Ishtar, the goddess of sensual love and fertility (Exploring the Book of Daniel, p. 33).

Azariah means, “Yahweh is my helper,” and Abednego means “The servant of Nebo,” another Babylonian god. Would Azariah continue to remember that God was his helper? Would he keep looking to him for strength?

Now, instead of looking to God to be his help, he would feel enslaved to the service of a new god.

Did this rebranding work? What is interesting is that, with just a few exceptions, whenever Daniel is mentioned using his Babylonian name, he used some variation of the formula, “Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar.” Nebuchadnezzar changed the men’s names, but he could not change their hearts. They remained faithful to the true God of Israel, as the story shows.

By giving these four young men these names, Ashpenaz hoped to eradicate Hebrew culture and inculcate Chaldean culture into their thinking. The new names indicate that they were subject to the Chaldean gods.

After awhile they would be asking: Are our Jewish names for real? Was it all make-believe? Is our God the true God? Is He gracious . . . wise . . . all powerful . . . able to care for us?

Doesn’t look like it!

John Lennox tells us, “This name-changing was no innocent action. It was an early attempt at social engineering, with the objective of obliterating inconvenient distinctions and homogenizing people, so that they would be easier to control. Throughout history such attempts have often been marked by the undermining of human dignity. A contemporary example of this phenomenon is political correctness which, though originally intended to avoid offence, has become an intolerant suppressor of open and honest public discussion” (John Lennox, Against the Flow: The Inspiration of Daniel in an Age of Relativism (Oxford: Monarch Books, 2015), 69

The Babylonians changed the Hebrew teens’ names in an attempt to make them forget the true God and change their worship, but it appears throughout the entire book that Daniel never did forget the name he was given, which honored the true God. Even the king (in chapter 6), when Daniel was in the lions’ den, came to him the next morning and used his Jewish name saying, “Daniel, servant of the living God. . .” “Nebuchadnezzar wanted Daniel and his three friends to forget Jerusalem, their god, the temple, and everything related to their Jewish heritage and culture. But Daniel and his friend didn’t forget” (David Jeremiah, Agents of Babylon, p. 20). After noting Daniel’s faithfulness to pray even when it was against state law, David Jeremiah says, “Nebuchadnezzar could change their names, but he couldn’t change their nature. Though much of David’s life was assimilated into Babylonian culture, his heart remained centered in Jerusalem” (Agents of Babylon, p. 20).

“Across the Babylonian’s whole futile exercise of trying to wean these young Judean princelings from their loyalty to the living God by changing their names, God wrote the word folly! ‘Thou shalt have no other gods before me.’ So ran the law (Exod. 20:3). Little weight would these Babylonian gods have with these four committed believers!” (John Phillips, Exploring the Book of Daniel, p. 34).

Like Babylon, our culture wants you to forget who you belong to. They want to encourage you to “be yourself,” “be true to yourself,” “be anything you want to be,” thus untethering you from your God-given identity, given first through creation and then through redemption.

The world wants you to forget who you are and where you have come from. The world will encourage you to change your identity, to encourage you to live to impress others rather than living for God.

Can you remain faithful to God under such pressure? Will you?

The purpose of the food, names, and education was simple. This was an effort at total indoctrination, with the goal of making these young Jewish men leave behind their Hebrew God and culture. Undoubtedly, Nebuchadnezzar wanted to communicate to these young men, “look to me for everything.” Daniel and his friends refused, insisting that they would look to God. (David Guzik)

ow, not only are they at a new location far from home, learning lots of exciting new things, living under aliases, they will face a brand new temptation.

What was the response of Daniel and his friends? We will see some of this in the next scene, but I think Iain Duguid captures their thinking when he writes:

“To be sure, they did not outwardly resist the Babylonian system. They did not refuse to work for the Babylonians, perhaps because they recognized the hand of God in their situation. They understood the word that the Lord gave through Jeremiah, that those whom he had sent to Babylon should labor there for the blessing of the place in which they found themselves (Jere. 29:4-7). As far as possible these young men sought to work within the system in which they had been placed, being good citizens of Babylon as well as of heaven” (Daniel: Reformed Expository Commentary, p. 10).

He goes on to say however, “they also inwardly resisted the assimilation process of the Babylonian empire in a number of specific ways. In the first place, they resisted the total renaming program of the Babylonians. They didn’t refuse to answer to their Babylonian names, to be sure, but they did maintain their Jewish names (and identities) as well. Daniel did not become Belteshazzar, even though he answered to that name, nor did Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah become Shadrach, Meshach and Abed-Nego. They preserved their Hebrew names amongst themselves as a marker of who they really were (see 1:11, 19; 2:17); they lived with dual names as a reminder of their dual identities, and more fundamentally as a reminder of the true nature of their God” (Daniel: Reformed Expository Commentary, pp. 10-11).

We also have to live with a dual citizenship. We are “citizens of heaven” but we live also in Mena, Arkansas. While our ultimate loyalties lie with heaven, we are still to be good citizens here, engaged in this world for the glory of God and the good of our neighbor.

And we come together every week to remind ourselves of our true homeland. The goal of our worship services should be not only to be equipped for more effective service here on earth in our home towns, but to remind ourselves of who were truly are in heaven’s eyes and the importance of remembering our heavenly destiny and judgment. If our heavenly identity is strong, it will change the way we live within our families and communities.

As the Word is preached, a heavenly wisdom is proclaimed that runs counter to the wisdom of the world around us. In baptism, the sign of heavenly citizenship is acknowledged by us, reminding us of where our true citizenship lies. In the Lord’s Supper, we eat and drink the elements from the earth, but we remind ourselves of the cost at which our citizenship was bought and to look forward to the ultimate feast that awaits us at home. All of these aspects of our worship services should help us to preserve and remember our true identity.

Resisting Indoctrination, part 1 (Daniel 1:3-7)

We all know how impressionable our children are. At a young age, they believe anything anyone tells them—whether it is true or not. As they grow older, their abilities to discern truth from error improves and then they stop believing everything they are told! In fact, we sometimes wonder if our teenagers listen to anything anyone else tells them anymore, except maybe their friends and the media.
Because children and teenagers are so impressionable and easily led, educators and politicians have recognized the need to educate them so that they can be good citizens. However, these very instruments–our schools and universities–an easily become, and indeed have become, places to indoctrinate our young people in the propaganda of the liberal, far left social agenda.

Both Everett Piper and Jonathan Haidt have written about the disruption on college campuses over the past decade as students have rioted, disinvited speakers who don’t agree with them, and had teachers fired over racial or sexual microaggressions.

Everett Piper, in his book Not a Daycare, writes that…

Our universities are doing a tremendous disservice, both to students and our culture, by letting students think they can bend reality to fit their whims. In the real world, people don’t get paid to be selfish and disruptive, but, rather, to be productive members of society….Our universities are producing a generation of Americans who are unable to function in the real world. We are quickly becoming a culture of Peter Pans, believing we can avoid reality in a Neverland of our own making. We’re encouraging students to embrace their selfish fantasies and to expect everyone around them to bend and submit to their narcissistic whims and personal prejudices. We have created a generation that expects to receive affirmation for every feeling they have and every emotion they feel. Objective reality doesn’t matter. Subjective opinions are king.

In their book The Coddling of the American Mind, by Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt, they note that students have been, and will be taught three great untruths:

• First, what doesn’t kill you makes you weaker. They are not taught to handle adversity or opposition and thus learn to attack those who make them hurt in any way. They feel justified in attacking someone physically who has wounded them emotionally.

• Second, always trust your feelings. Facts don’t matter, narratives do. If your story feels right to you, no one can deny it. Whatever your desires are, that determines your identity and your reality.

• Third, life is a battle between good people and evil people. In other words, if you aren’t in my tribe, you are evil and I have a right to hate you.

They have forgotten what Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote in his The Gulag Archipelago:

“The line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either — but right through every human heart — and through all human hearts. This line shifts. Inside us, it oscillates with the years. And even within hearts overwhelmed by evil, one small bridgehead of good is retained”

You are in for a battle, and the world wants to change your mind. They want you to doubt what you have been taught at home and in the church. They want you to believe that “truth” is relative. But now there is no “truth,” just how people feel in the moment.

It’s not that you haven’t faced it before. It is all over the media we consume. But the difference is—at college you will be away from home, away from your roots. You will be told that your parents are old-fashioned, irrelevant and that your church taught you “dangerous” dogma.

In our universities and collage faculties here in the U. S. a notable shift began in the middle of the 1990s as the Greatest Generation was leaving the stage and the last Baby Boomers were taking up teaching positions. Between 1995 and 2010, members of the academy went from leaning left to being almost entirely on the left. Moderates declined by nearly a quarter and conservatives decreased by nearly a third.

As we look at the book of Daniel, we see that these four Hebrew friends that had been taken to Babylon, were in very vulnerable positions and might easily have given up on their beliefs and convictions in order to fit in with the Babylonian culture. It seems clear that Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon U was all about trying to make good Babylonians out of any culture that was taken captive. Would Daniel and his friends succumb? What about you and me? We live in a culture that is very anti-God, post-truth, anything goes. We live in a culture that defines themselves by their desires (sexual desires) rather than God’s design. Will we stand for the truth? Will we be faithful to our God?

God had “given” Daniel and his friends to Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 1:1). So we read in vv. 3-7,

Then the king commanded Ashpenaz, his chief eunuch, to bring some of the people of Israel, both of the royal family and of the nobility, youths without blemish, of good appearance and skillful in all wisdom, endowed with knowledge, understanding learning, and competent to stand in the king’s palace, and to teach them the literature and language of the Chaldeans. The king assigned them a daily portion of the food that the king ate, and of the wine that he drank. They were to be educated for three years, and at the end of that time they were to stand before the king. Among these were Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah of the tribe of Judah. And the chief of the eunuchs gave them names: Daniel he called Belteshazzar, Hananiah he called Shadrach, Mishael he called Meshach, and Azariah he called Abednego.

Soon after Nebuchadnezzar had conquered Jerusalem in 605 B.C., he received word that his father had died, so he quickly returned to Babylon to take care of the affairs of state. Some say he did this in an amazing march of two weeks (roughly 700 miles), taking Daniel and his friends with him, if we assume that they marched along one of the northern trade routes through Damascus that connected to Mari and then down the Euphrates River.

In order to govern such a large, diverse empire, Nebuchadnezzar saw the practical wisdom of recruiting and training individuals from different ethnic groups of his realm to serve within his state department. Nebuchadnezzar wanted the best and brightest minds at the service of his empire. Most Bible historians believe in the neighborhood of 60 young people were specifically marched the 700 miles to Babylon for this very purpose.

Notice that Daniel and his friends were the “cream of the crop,” being from royal or noble families. Some believe that Daniel was of the lineage of David (the “royal family”) while others hold that he was from a wealthy family in Jerusalem (“the nobility”).

According to Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel, Rabbinic tradition holds that Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah were descendants of King Hezekiah, based on Isaiah 39:7. (Jay Braverman, Jerome’s Commentary on Daniel: A Study of Comparative Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the Hebrew Bible (Washington. D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1978), pp. 67, 68).

According to vv. 3-4 these young men had to meet some pretty high standards to meet the entrance requirements for Babylon U.

First, they were to be “youths without blemish.” In other words, Nebuchadnezzar only wanted flawless physical specimens in his court. The Hebrew word translated blemish (מְאוּם, mᵊʾûm) occurs in an alternate form in Lev 21:17–23 in which men with physical defects were disqualified for priestly service. It was not enough, however, that they be free of physical defect. Positively, they had to even be “good-looking” (lit., “those good in appearance”). Thus, a premium was placed upon physical condition and appearance.

Just as Israel often chose their first king based on physical qualities alone, Nebuchadnezzar was all about image. In other words, how they looked made him look good.

But they were not just brawn and beauty, they had to have brains as well. They had to be “skillful in all wisdom, endowed with knowledge, understanding learning.” He didn’t want good looking guys who couldn’t spell – they had to be bright too. A high IQ was mandatory.

“Wisdom is a rare commodity. The king was prepared to pay a high premium to find men who could speak with insight and clarity on complex issues that came to the attention of the throne” (John Phillips, Exploring the Book of Daniel, p. 31). You see wisdom is more than mere comprehension of the facts. Wisdom is the ability to skillfully and successfully apply knowledge and understanding to a specific situation. Any king or leader needs people like that.

They also had to be discerning, a reference to being able to gather data and correlate facts and then come to the right conclusion. This would come in handy in interpreting Nebuchadnezzar’s dreams. He wanted them to be inquisitive and informed.

Finally, they had to be able to “stand in the king’s court.” They not only needed IQ but EQ as well. They had to have refined manners. They had to know their way around a royal, political court with all its rules and regulations. Again, it is likely that they came from noble families, if not royalty itself.

I’m sure they would have to learn some new court procedures there in Babylon, but they had to show some aptitude to learning how to stand in the king’s court.
With all this potential, these youth weren’t given slave duty, they were given scholarships to Babylon U! How exciting! How enticing! How dangerous!

What was Nebuchadnezzar’s strategy in assimilating these young men into the culture of the day? What did he do to try to turn these servants of Yahweh into servants of Babylon and its gods?

First, Nebuchadnezzar brings these young men to a place far from home, far from the influence of their family and their religious support system. Marching through the Ishtar Gate, if there was ever a time to doubt the apparently defeated God of Judah, it was now. If there was ever a time to wonder about the promises of God’s earthly kingdom, it was now.

While together as a group of 60 or so young men, they were stripped of all their former educational and emotional support, making them easy prey for someone else to step in and become their “friend” or “mentor.”

Second, they were young. Most believe these young men were somewhere between 14 and 16 when they were captured. That is still a very impressionable time when young people are trying to figure out the meaning of life and what to do with their lives and are easily led by authority figures in their lives or by the peers around them.

The younger the subject, the longer he could serve in the royal court and the more impressionable he would be to the Babylonian worldview. And as Matthew Henry says, “He chose such as were young, because they would be tractable, would forget their own people and become Chaldeans (Matthew Henry’s Commentary: One Volume, p. 1083).

Warren Wiersbe said, “Obviously the purpose of their education was to transform these Jews into Babylonians” (Warren Wiersbe). He wants to reorient their worldview and capture their allegiance to his own culture and gods.

Third, although this isn’t clear from the text, it is quite possible that Nebuchadnezzar had all these young men emasculated. You will notice in verse 3 that the one in charge of these young men was Ashpenaz, who was Nebuchadnezzar’s “chief eunuch.”

There are a number of reasons to believe that Daniel and his friends were also eunuchs, very possibly “who have been made eunuchs by men.” D. A. Bayliss tells us that foreign kings normally surrounded themselves with eunuchs because then they would not have wives or families that would distract them from duty, or even worse, who might foment rebellion. We have no record in Scripture of Daniel being married or having a family and he showed no interest in returning to Jerusalem when that possibility arose. So “chief eunuch” may mean “chief of the eunuchs.”

If Daniel and his friends were made this way intentionally in a way that his faith taught him was a disgrace, now ripped away from his family and deposited in a strange land he had every reason to be confused, bitter and even angry or maybe more docile and submissive. This is what Nebuchadnezzar wanted. Out of this fertile ground he could turn them into good Babylonians.

Isaiah had made this prophecy to Hezekiah due to his entertaining the envoys of Babylon and showing them all the treasures in his palace (and very likely the “vessels of the house of God”), saying, “Behold, the days are coming, when all that is in your house, and that which your fathers have stored up till this day, shall be carried to Babylon. Nothing shall be left, says the LORD. And some of your own sons, who will come from you, whom you will father, shall be taken away, and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon” (Isaiah 39:6-7). It is quite possible that Daniel and his friends are the very ones Isaiah prophesied about.

Fourth, these young men were chosen “to teach them the literature and language of the Chaldeans” (Daniel 1:4). No doubt this involved some of the occultic arts practiced at that time by “magicians and enchanters” (Dan. 1:20), who may even have been some of their teachers. In other words, they were to be indoctrinated into another culture, a godless culture, or rather a culture that would turn their hearts away from the true God to other gods.

While much of this literature would have been of an historical and legal nature, an extensive amount would have been religious, including omen texts, magic, sorcery, occultic practices, and the science of astrology. The Mosaic law had banned the practice of such occultic techniques (Deut. 18:10–12; cf. 1 Sam. 28:3–25). To read and study this material was not therefore strictly forbidden, but Daniel and his friends would have needed a strong walk with God and a biblical mindset to retain the ability to think critically when engaged in this type of study. Evidently, their esteem for God’s Word protected them during this time of indoctrination.

Imagine the influence these pagan Babylonian teachers had on these young teenagers in their classrooms, amazing them with all this new information. The Babylonians’ literature promoted their worldview, their view of man, their view of God, their view of sin, and their view of redemption, which were all directly opposed to everything these young teens had been taught and believed while in Israel.

Though Daniel and his friends went through these classes, they apparently resisted the pressure to change their thinking. This can be seen through the historical accounts of these young men in the chapters to follow.

But we cannot say that about all 60 or so of them. It is likely that many of them blessed their good fortune and became semi-pagans. After all, when you are in Babylon, you do as the Babylonians do.

The pressure on Christians to change their thinking today comes from the print media, movies, and television as well as from teachers. For example, we have all experienced the pressure of our society trying to change our thinking about homosexuality, calling it an alternate lifestyle. Books, even on the elementary level, teach children about “Heather who has two mommies.” They teach children that this is a good alternative. God calls it both shameful and a perversion in Romans 1:26, 27:

Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones. In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their perversion.

Sometimes the world succeeds in molding and shaping our thinking, conforming our minds to the world (Romans 12:2), which is why Paul says that we must continually renew our minds in God’s Word.

Now, some may wonder whether it is appropriate for a Christian to attend a secular university. I think the implication of this text is that these young men were able to take this curriculum and cull from it what is in accordance with God’s truth, discerning truth from error and right from wrong. Other godly men did the same: Moses learned the wisdom of Egypt (Acts 7:22), and Paul spoke before the Supreme Court of Athens (the Areopagus), even quoting from their own poets.

We need to stand firm and resist the pressure. Be encouraged that Daniel and his three teenage friends stood firm against the Babylonian attempts to change their thinking. We will see what these Jewish teenagers and their parents did to prepare to withstand the pressure, because it is not easy. Christian, though the forces against you are great, take heart, stand firm, and dare to be a Daniel.

Taken into Exile (Daniel 1:1-2)

After World War II many of the Eastern European countries were under the control of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. For those living in these countries the control and intimidation were oppressive. It was a time of terror and intense sufferings. The Socialists were determined to stamp out the culture and religion of the occupied nations, seeking to change their culture, their language and their religion. Their children were indoctrinated into the Socialist worldview. Anyone who was a potential leader was either executed or exiled to some distant part of the Soviet empire.

Can you imagine what it would have been like to have been torn from your families, to be alone and scared, to be stripped of all you formerly believed in and held dear, to be tortured for any sign of disloyalty or disobedience? How could you possibly cope in such a situation? Would your faith and loyalty to Jesus Christ remain intact, or would you just give up and assimilate into the new norm?

While we here in the U. S. have not had to imagine such circumstances, we do have to take seriously that God has called us to live as “strangers and aliens” in whatever country we live in. This world is not our home, and its values are not supposed to be our values. This world will try to squeeze us into its mold (Romans 12:2) and make us conform to the crowds so that we don’t stick out as different (holy). All around us we feel the pressure to fit in, to be like others, to not make waves or stand out, but to go along with the crowd. We are expected to like the same kind of music and TV shows, to laugh at the same jokes, to enjoy gossiping about others. We are expected to cut corners at work, to not work so hard as to make others feel lazy, to lie for our bosses. Whenever we are in public we are asked to leave our religious beliefs at home. They are “not for the public square.” So we, too, have to choose daily whether to act like this world we are “exiled” to, or to take the difficult path of standing against it.
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So how do we remain faithful and obedient to the God of heaven? When life gets hard, and everything and everyone around us is forcing us to bow to the pressure of becoming like them, what do we do? These are the kind of questions that the book of Daniel helps us with. Again, it was a book written to God’s Old Testament people, the Jews, when they were experiencing the hardness and harshness of life in exile, far away from home and all that they knew. It was written to encourage them to still walk with and depend upon God, who was still with them even in the midst of their pain.

What they needed to know and rely upon, what that God was still their God and He was faithful to keep His promises to them.

Daniel’s story began like this:

1 In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it. 2 And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with some of the vessels of the house of God. And he brought them to the land of Shinar, to the house of his god, and placed the vessels in the treasury of his god. 3 Then the king commanded Ashpenaz, his chief eunuch, to bring some of the people of Israel, both of the royal family and of the nobility, 4 youths without blemish, of good appearance and skillful in all wisdom, endowed with knowledge, understanding learning, and competent to stand in the king’s palace, and to teach them the literature and language of the Chaldeans. 5 The king assigned them a daily portion of the food that the king ate, and of the wine that he drank. They were to be educated for three years, and at the end of that time they were to stand before the king.

In order to live faithfully in exile, we first need to know and rely upon God’s constant faithfulness. How did Daniel experience God’s faithfulness?

Well, first of all, he experienced God’s faithfulness in the fact that God’s people were now being judged with exile in Babylon. Verses 1 and 2 show very clearly that Judah’s exile in Babylon was no accident of history, nor was it simply that Babylon had a stronger army than Judah’s. Nebuchadnezzar may have thought that, but God makes it very clear here that the reason Judah was in exile is because “the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand.” Generally when an army of the Ancient Near Eastern culture dominated and destroyed another culture, they believed that their god was the stronger god. But the emphasis of this passage, the true account, is that “the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand.” Nebuchadnezzar’s strength wasn’t the cause, God’s sovereignty was.

Proverbs 21:1 tells us, “The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of the LORD; he turns it wherever he will.” Kings had absolute, irresistible, despotic rule at this time in history, yet in God’s hands they are like water. As Charles Bridges says, “The king’s heart he directs as a responsible agent, without interfering with the moral liberty of his will.”

Yahweh had warned Israel of the determined consequences of their sins in the book of Leviticus. At the beginning of Israel’s history as a nation, God made a covenant with the people, a covenant that was explained in Leviticus 26 as containing curses if they disobeyed it and blessings if they obeyed.
If they served the Lord faithfully, being loving him (no idolatry) and their neighbors (no social sins), then they were experience blessing and favor (Lev. 26:3-13). BUT, if they abandoned the LORD for idols and mistreated one another, they would be visited with wrath and curses (26:19-25). They would experience famine, diseases, defeat by their enemies (26:19-25). If they didn’t learn from their disasters and persisted in disloyalty and disobedience, Yahweh would scatter them among the nations and take them into exile (Lev. 26:33, 39).

Nebuchadnezzar’s actions in Daniel 1:1-2 represent only the first of three stages of Jerusalem’s fall. The dates of 597 and 586 BC complete the second and third stages. From 605 to 586 BC, Judah’s status seemed dark, unfathomable, chaotic, and hopeless. This judgment was an expression of God’s faithfulness to the Mosaic covenant, which contained fitting curses for disobedience and idolatry, one of which was exile: “The LORD will bring you and your king whom you set over you to a nation that neither you nor your fathers have known. And there you shall serve other gods of wood and stone” (Deut. 28:36-37).

Another reason Judah went into exile is more specific. In fact, it relates to the seventy years that they were in captivity (605 B. C. to 536 B. C.). This 70 years was not some random number, but was determined according to the exact number of sabbath years that had been missed in Israel’s history.
“He took into exile in Babylon those who had escaped from the sword, and they became servants to him and to his sons until the establishment of the kingdom of Persia, to fulfill the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths. All the days that it lay desolate it kept Sabbath, to fulfill seventy years” (2 Chronicles 36:20-21).

Israel had been instructed, upon entering the land, that they were to leave the land fallow every seventh year (Lev. 25:1-4). That year they weren’t to plow; they weren’t to plant. But Israel had failed to keep that once-in-seven-years Sabbath for 490 years, thus their captivity would make up for it, seventy years.

Nebuchadnezzar came against Jerusalem because the Pharaoh of Egypt invaded Babylon. In response, the young prince Nebuchadnezzar defeated the Egyptians at Carchemish, then he pursued their fleeing army all the way down to the Sinai. Along the way (or on the way back), he subdued Jerusalem, which had been loyal to the Pharaoh of Egypt.

This specific attack mentioned by Daniel is documented by the Babylonian Chronicles, a collection of tablets discovered as early as 1887 and now kept in the British Museum. Nebuchadnezzar’s 605 B.C. presence in Judah is documented and clarified in these tablets.

God was already angry with Judah “because of all the provocations with which Manasseh had provoked him” (2 Kings 23:26) and had resolved to remove Judah from his sight (v. 27). This began the seventy-year captivity because of Israel’s idolatry (1 Kings 11:5; 12:28; 16:31; 18:19; 2 Kings 21:3-5; 2 Chron. 28:2-8). This is the beginning of the important prophetic time period — the times of the Gentiles. This period began in 605 B.C. and will extend until Jesus returns as the Messiah.
They will fall by the edge of the sword and be led captive among all nations, and Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot by the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled. (Luke 21:24)

Yet the fate of Daniel and his friends hung not merely on these violations of the covenant stipulations as a nation, but also because of the specific fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah in 2 Kings 20:18.
Judah’s King Hezekiah had received envoys and a gift from Merodach Baladan, then the king of Babylon. In response, Hezekiah showed him everything that was of value in his storehouses and all of his treasures (20:13).

Now, why was the LORD so upset over what Hezekiah had done? What was the problem with giving the envoys of Babylon a tour of the palace? Well, as you might know, in the world of diplomacy, nothing comes for free.

When Merodach Baladan sent envoys and a gift to Hezekiah, it wasn’t merely a friendly gesture of goodwill on his recovery from illness. Rather, he was seeking Hezekiah’s help and support in his ongoing struggle against Assyria.

Thus, Hezekiah showing Merodach Baladan’s envoys around the palace indicates that he was responding positively to his overtures of an alliance and seeking to prove to him that he had resources that Merodah Baladan could use to be successful.

And this in spite of the fact that God had only recently miraculously rescued Jerusalem from the surrounding armies of Sennacherib and the Assyrians. Instead of trusting in God, who had just shown Himself strong in Hezekiah’s behalf, now Hezekiah is looking to political means for resolving his Assyria problem.

This is by far merely an ancient temptation. Our own elections prove that. Every four years we get to vote on a new Savior who will deliver us from the evils of the previous administration. We get so tied into one or the other political party that we lose our voice as a church because our values are co-opted and soon corrupted by our alliance with any political party.

I’m not saying that being political knowledgeable or active is wrong, but political leaders, parties or platforms will not save us or sanctify us. Instead, the church is to be a prophetic voice in society that calls either party back to God and back into the ways of His righteousness.

Isaiah’s word of judgment on Hezekiah’s strategy was very specific and very severe. Because Hezekiah sought to preserve his treasures by trusting in Babylon, it would be the Babylonians themselves (what irony!) who would come and carry off everything in his palace (2 Kings 20:17; Dan. 1:2).

Far from guaranteeing the safety and security of his line, his foolish alliance would even result in some of his own offspring being taken off to become eunuchs in the palace of the Babylonian king.
Behold, the days are coming, when all that is in your house, and that which your fathers have stored up till this day, shall be carried to Babylon. Nothing shall be left, says the Lord. And some of your own sons, who will come from you, whom you will father, shall be taken away, and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon.” (2 Kings 20:17-18)

It is these specific words that are being fulfilled in the first verses of the book of Daniel. Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, came to Jerusalem and carried off treasures from the temple of God to put in the house of his own god (Dan. 1:2), and he also took some of the royal family and nobility—likely the very descendants of Hezekiah—and put them under the charge of Ashpenaz, the chief of his court officials, or eunuchs (1:4). Thus, God’s judgment upon the line of Hezekiah had been faithfully carried out just as Isaiah had said.

Matthew Henry notes how ironic it is that Judah, who had begun to worship the idols of other gods in their own temple, now suffer the vessels of their temple to be carried off to the temples of other gods. In the Babylonian worship, they would only see Israel’s God as a defeated god, a god inferior to their own.

Now, back when the Philistines captured the Ark of the Covenant and brought it into the temple of their god, Dagon. That time, God caused Dagon’s statue to fall broken on its face before the Ark, and the true God was shown to be the most powerful (1 Sam. 5). But this time, nothing happened. The articles were brought into the Babylonian temple, but God didn’t show up to avenge their theft. But God was still on the throne and He would reveal over and over again that He is sovereign over empires, over kings and over history.

No, the Babylonian statues wouldn’t literally fall on their faces. But God would reveal Himself in other ways. And in the very next chapter of Daniel, He would use a statue as an allegory of earth’s kingdoms, and reveal that – in the end – He will smash that statue to pieces and replace it with His own everlasting kingdom that will never be destroyed (Daniel 2).

So just as the Assyrians had been God’s rod against Israel, Babylon performed the same disciplinary action against Judah. God said He had ordained Babylon “for judgment” and that he had “marked them for correction” (Habakkuk 1:12). For the next seventy years the people of Judah would live in Babylon in a constant state of upheaval under the successive control of the Babylonians, Medo-Persian, and Persian empires (David Jeremiah, Agents of Babylon, p. 13).

Yet, the recognition that their fate came from the hand of God as a faithful act of judgment was itself also an encouragement to these exiles. Their future was not controlled by the Babylonian kings or their gods, but rather by the LORD, the God of heaven (Dan. 2:19).

The one who had sent them into exile had promised that He would be with them there, and that he would ultimately restore them from exile after a time of judgment.

Iain Duguid points out an implicit parallel between the sacred articles pilfered from the temple and the Hebrew children who were taken by Nebuchadnezzar: these young men were described as “free from defect” (me’um), a word more commonly used of sacrifices (1:4). Just as the Lord allowed Nebuchadnezzar to carry away the precious temple vessels, he also allowed him to carry away the best of his people. And just as after seventy years these temple vessels would be returned to Jerusalem (Ezra 1:7-11), so many of the exiles, or at least their children and grandchildren, would be able to return home. God does not abandon those who are His own. (Daniel, Reformed Expository Commentary, pp. 7-8).

God promises in Jeremiah 29:10, “For thus says the Lord: When seventy years are completed for Babylon, I will visit you, and I will fulfill to you my promise and bring you back to this place.” Daniel counts on this fact in his prayer in Daniel 9. It is possible, however, that Daniel and his friends did not know this until Ezekiel arrived in Babylon in 597 B.C., some eight years later.
How important this is for us to remember. Even during our hardest moments, when life seems out of control or hardly worth living anymore, we need to remember that God is with us and He is for us (Romans 8:31).

We may believe that our situation is due to unfortunate accidents, or due to the malevolence of wicked people, but in reality it is all always under the control of a all-loving and all-wise God. If we remember that no sparrow falls to the ground without God’s knowledge (Matthew 10:29) and that he knows every hair of our heads (Luke 12:7), then we can be assured that even the most trivial events do not escape either his notice or his control. At the other extreme, God is still in control of even the most wicked, heinous sins that were ever committed against the most innocent Person who ever lived (Acts 4:28). Although sinners were responsible, it was all according to God’s plan. Everything…everything that we experience in life, no matter how difficult or how much it may seem to be meaningless, is God’s purpose for us. All of these circumstances, the good and the bad, are God’s means of sanctifying us. “And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose” (Romans 8:28). And that “good,” the very best thing for us, is defined in verse 29 as being “conformed to the image of his Son,” becoming more and more like Jesus Christ.

“All things” includes both the good and the bad. In other words, God uses the good things, like our obedience and faith and sacrifice and Bible reading and prayer and worship and fellowship to conform us to the image of His Son, but He will also use the bad things like trials, sickness, pain, financial hardship, rebellious children, a failed marriage, being hated and mistreated, as ways to conform us to the image of His Son.

In fact, we usually learn how to love not by being around lovely, lovable, loving people, but by being around unlovely, unlovable, unloving people. We learn patience not by getting whatever we want right away, but by having to wait in lines, or wait for our birthday. The fruit of the Spirit grows best in difficulties.

Introduction to the Book of Daniel, part 3

Today is our third week introducing the book of Daniel. It is vitally important that we understand the background of any book of the Bible. That is why we are spending so much time on it.
The Purpose of the Book

At this dark hour in Israel’s history, with the tragic destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, a strong reminder was needed that their God, Yahweh, really was in total control of nations and national rulers.

The book of Daniel is, for the most part, a prophetical history of Gentile world-power from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar to the coming of CHRIST. The prophets in general emphasize GOD’s power and sovereignty in relation to Israel, and they reveal Him as guiding the destinies of His chosen people throughout the centuries until their final restoration.

Daniel, on the other hand, emphasizes GOD’s sovereignty in relation to the Gentile world-empires, and reveals Him as the One controlling and overruling in their affairs, until the time of their destruction at the coming of His Son.

“The vision is that of the overruling GOD, in wisdom knowing and in might working; of kings reigning and passing, of dynasties and empires rising and falling, while GOD enthroned above rules their movements” (Campbell Morgan).

John MacArthur reminds us, “The book of Daniel will teach you who is running human history. God raises up the Assyrians and puts them down. God raises up the Babylonians and puts the down. God raises up Nebuchadnezzar and puts him down. God raises up Cyrus and has him do what He wants. God literally controls human history.”

The book’s central theme is God’s sovereignty over history, empires, and kings (2:21; 4:43-47). All the kingdoms of this world will come to an end and will be replaced by the Lord’s kingdom, which will never pass away (2:44; 7:27). This is illustrated by the fact that even Daniel outlived the Babylonian Empire!

Though trials and difficulties will continue for God’s people up until the end, those who are faithful will be raised to glory, honor, and everlasting life in this final kingdom (12:1-3).

John Walvoord notes, “The book of Daniel, like Esther, reveals God continuing to work in His people Israel even in the time of their chastening. In this framework the tremendous revelation concerning the times of the Gentiles and the program of God for Israel was unfolded. While it is doubtful whether these prophecies were sufficiently known in Daniel’s lifetime to be much of an encouragement to the captives themselves, the book of Daniel undoubtedly gave hope to the Jews who returned to restore the temple and the city, and it was particularly helpful during the Maccabean persecutions.”

Key Themes

I. It is possible to live a faithful life while surrounded by pagan influences, if one serves the Lord wholeheartedly (ch. 1).
II. God can give his faithful servants abilities that cause even unbelievers to appreciate them (chs. 2, 3, 6). Nevertheless, believers should not assume that God will always rescue them from harm (3:16-18).
III. God humbles the proud and raises up the humble. Even the hearts of the greatest kings are under his control (chs. 4, 5).
IV. This world will be a place of persecution for God’s people, getting worse and worse rather than better and better (chs. 2, 7). The Lord will judge the kingdoms of this world and bring them to an end, replacing them with his own kingdom that will never end. This kingdom will be ruled by “one like a son of man” who comes “with the clouds,” a figure who combines human and divine traits (7:13).
V. God is sovereign over the course of history, even over those who rebel against him and seek to destroy his people (ch. 8).
VI. The Babylonian exile was not the end of Israel’s history of rebellion and judgment. In the future, Israel would continue to sin against the Lord, and Jerusalem would be handed over to her enemies, who would damage her temple and do other offensive things (chs. 8, 9, 12). Eventually, though, the anointed ruler would come to deliver God’s people from their sins (9:24-27).
VII. These earthly events are reflections of a great conflict between angelic forces of good and evil (ch. 10). Prayer is a significant weapon in that conflict (9:23).
VIII. God rules over all of these conflicts and events, he limits the damage they do, and he has a precise timetable for the end of his people’s persecutions. At that time he will finally intervene to cleanse and deliver his people (ch. 12).
IX. In the meantime, believers must be patient and faithful in a hostile world, looking to the Lord alone for deliverance (11:33-35).

Genre: Apocalyptic

Daniel is classified as an apocalyptic writing, because of its series of supernatural visions which by their character fulfilled what is intimated by the Greek word apokalypsis, which means unveiling of truth which would otherwise be concealed.

Although apocalyptic works abound outside the Bible, relatively few are found in Scripture. In the New Testament only the book of Revelation can be classified as apocalyptic; but in the Old Testament, Ezekiel and Zechariah may be so classified in addition to Daniel.

A couple of hundred years later, apocalyptic writings abound. These were classified as pseudepigrapha, written to imitate the style of biblical apocalyptic books. Apocalyptic works classified as the pseudepigrapha include such titles as Ascension of Isaiah; Assumption of Moses; Book of Enoch; Book of Jubilees; Greek Apocalypse of Baruch; Letters of Aristeas; III and IV Maccabees; Psalms of Solomon; Secrets of Enoch; Sibylline Oracles; Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch; Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs; Apocalypses of Adam, Elijah, and Zephaniah; and Testament of Abram, Isaac, and Jacob.

Another characteristic about the book of Daniel is that, unlike most of the other prophets, Daniel does not confront the people of Israel with their sins. He comforts only. In addition, Daniel’s book includes historical narrative in the first 6 chapters.

Apocalyptic literature is a uniquely Jewish literary genre. It was often used in tension-filled times to express the conviction that God is in control of history and will bring deliverance to His people.

This type of literature is characterized by:

  1. a strong sense of the universal sovereignty of God (monotheism and determinism)
  2. a struggle between good and evil, this evil age and the age of righteousness to come (a limited dualism)
  3. use of standardized secret code words (usually from the OT prophetic texts or intertestamental Jewish apocalyptic literature)
  4. use of colors, numbers, animals, sometimes animals/human hybrids
  5. use of angelic involvement by means of visions and dreams, which are usually interpreted by angels
  6. primarily focuses on the soon-coming, climatic events of the end-time (new age)
  7. use of a fixed set of symbols to communicate the end-time message from God.

Languages

An unusual feature of the book of Daniel is the fact that the central portion (2:4-7:28) is written in biblical Aramaic, also called Chaldee. A similar use of Aramaic is found in Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26; Jer 10:11; and the two words of the compound name Jegar-Sahadutha in Genesis 31:47, showing that the Aramaic tongue had been around long before the inter-testamental period.
The Aramaic portion of Daniel clearly covers the “Times of the Gentiles,” while the Hebrew portions at the beginning and end devote more attention to what happens to Israel and the children of Israel in the midst of the nations. Aramaic was also the contemporary language of international business.

Canonical Place

When we use the word “canon” we’re talking about the books which were recognized [not “determined,” but “recognized”] as being inspired by God and they formed the group of books we call our Old and New Testaments.

In our English Bible (Septuagint, Vulgate and Luther), the book of Daniel appears as the last of the major prophets. Along with Ezekiel, Daniel wrote in the exilic period. In the Hebrew Bible Daniel is part of the Kethubim (the writings). The Jews call the Old Testament the Tanak, which is a word that consists of the T for Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament, what we often call the Pentateuch; the N stands for Neviim, the prophets, and the K stands for Kethubim. Daniel is part of the Kethubim, the writings.

Robert Dick Wilson believes that this is because Daniel was never called a “prophet” (navi, נָבִיא), but a “seer” (hozeh, חֹזֶה) and “wise man” (hakhamin, חַכִּימִ֣ין). J. B. Payne observes, “For though Christ spoke of Daniel’s function as prophetic (Matt. 24:15), his position was that of governmental official and inspired writer, rather than ministering prophet (cf. Acts 2:29-30)” (J. Barton Payne, “Book of Daniel,” Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary, p. 198).

So why is Daniel placed in the Writings rather than in the Prophets for the Jews? This may be because Daniel’s prophetic messages do not confront the Jewish people with their sins, which was common among the Major and Minor Prophets. Also, the Masoretes may not have considered Daniel to be a prophet because there is no mention of his ordination or calling to be a prophet.

Major Divisions and Unity

The traditional division of the book of Daniel into two halves (1-6; 7-12) has usually been justified on the basis that the first six chapters are historical and the last six chapters are apocalyptic or predictive. There is much to commend this division which often also regards chapter 1 as introductory.

An alternative approach, recognizing the Aramaic section as being significant, divides the book into three major divisions: (1) Introduction, Daniel 1; (2) The Times of the Gentiles, presented in Aramaic, Daniel 2-7; (3) Israel in Relation to the Gentiles, in Hebrew, Daniel 8-12.
These two approaches are roughly the same.

Overview of the Book of Daniel

One of the things I like to do whenever I study or preach on a book of the Bible is to first look at the whole book and how it is organized and laid out, to get the “30,000 foot view” so that I can see the whole before examining the parts.

There are several good resources for this. The Bible Project has a video on YouTube and a chart that you can find on Google images, that is a good overview of the book.

Charles Swindoll has his book chart on his website Insight for Living. Philip Jensen has a book chart on the Precepts Austin website.

The book of Daniel is divided into two parts, the historical narratives of chapters 1-6 and the apocalyptic visions of chapters 7-12. In the first half, Daniel is interpreting the dreams or experiences of two Gentile kings, Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar. Darius is included chronologically in this section as the Medo-Persian empire conquered Babylon in 539 B.C. In the second half, it is Daniel’s visions that are interpreted by an angel. Again, chapters 2-7 are written in Aramaic, primarily because the history (both present and future history) covered in this part concerned Gentile empires, while chapters 8-12 are written in Hebrew because the history (both present and future history) concerns Israel.

The Key Verse

Some books have purpose statements, such as the gospel of John, “these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name” (John 20:31). The Gospel of John was revealed to John by God’s Spirit for the express purpose of helping people believe in Jesus Christ as God’s Son and experiencing “life in his name.”

Likewise, the first epistle of John has an express purpose statement. 1 John 5:12 says, “I write these things to you who believe in the name of the Son of God so that you may know that you have eternal life.” The Gospel of John is written so that we may believe and the epistle of John is written so that believers “may know that you have eternal life. God wants us to have the assurance that we possess the very life He promised to give through His Son.

The book of Acts has verse that reveals the programmatic desires of Jesus for his church. In Acts 1:8 Jesus says, “But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.” As you follow the narrative of the book of Acts, you see that the gospel witness and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit begins in Jerusalem (Acts 2), but later expands into Judea-Samaria (Acts 8) and finally reaches to the Gentiles (Acts 10 and following).

Is there are similar verse for the book of Daniel? Well, there is not a clear and explicit purpose statement, but we can identify a verse which highlights a major theme of the book of Daniel—God’s sovereignty over the nations.

The key verse for the book of Daniel could very well be Daniel 4:17.

“‘The decision is announced by messengers, the holy ones declare the verdict, so that the living may know that the Most High is sovereign over all kingdoms on earth and gives them to anyone he wishes and sets over them the lowliest of people.’”

In this case God wanted Nebuchadnezzar to know that He, “the Most High,” “is sovereign over all kingdom on earth and gives them to anyone he wishes and sets over them the lowliest of people.” Nebuchadnezzar needed to realize that the power of Babylon did not depend upon Nebuchadnezzar himself but upon “the Most High” God of the Israelites. And as Israel read this, they would remember that they were “the lowliest of people” at this time and would have taken heart that God could reverse their misfortunes that they were presently experiencing. It would give them hope, as prophecy should give us hope, that God will fulfill all His promises for His people someday soon.

Introduction to the Book of Daniel, part 2

Well, today we are continuing our introduction the book of Daniel. We ended last week giving some historical background. The first part of Daniel takes place with Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and so we were talking about the beginning of the Neo-Babylonian empire.

Today we want to start by reminding ourselves of the nature of the place to which Daniel and his friends were taken. This was not a God-friendly place.

An article From Babel to Babylon on monergism.com., describes the anti-God nature of this city throughout history.

Not unlike Babel, Babylon stands for the corruption of human power, wealth, and influence. It represents the perversion of God’s creation, the exploitation of the weak and vulnerable, and the seduction of the nations by false gods. Babylon was notorious for its arrogance, wickedness, and cruelty. It was a center of pagan worship, characterized by sexual immorality, idolatry, and materialism. Babylon was a city that exalted itself above God and oppressed God’s people. It symbolizes the human tendency to use power for selfish purposes, to worship idols instead of God, and to oppress those who are weaker. (https://www.monergism.com/babel-babylon#:~:text=The%20biblical%20narrative%20of%20Babel,power%2C%20wealth%2C%20and%20influence.)

Babylon the Great, in the book of Revelation, is the culmination of human rebellion against God. It is a symbol of the world system that opposes Christ and His kingdom. It is a city that is drunk with the blood of the saints and the martyrs, that deceives the nations with her sorceries and seduces them with her wealth and power. Babylon the Great is a false bride who entices the world with her beauty and wealth, but who ultimately leads them to destruction. It is a warning against the seduction of the world and the dangers of compromise with the world’s values.

So Daniel and his three friends were entering into a culture that would challenge the foundations of their faith to the very core, down to their roots. Remaining faithful to Yahweh would prove to be very difficult and I’m sure that not every Hebrew youth rose to the challenge.
Not everything was negative, however, for Babylon was a wondrous sight to behold. As Daniel and his three friends were marched into Babylon they would see a spectacular city. Bryan Windle, in his Biblical Archeology article reports on the city Daniel saw (https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2019/08/09/footsteps-three-things-in-babylon-daniel-likely-saw/).

Nebuchadnezzar had initiated a vast building program and improved the city’s fortifications, raising its magnificence to new heights. At the time Daniel lived there, it was the largest city in the world, covering over 10 square kilometers (4 square miles).

A reconstruction of ancient Babylon, with the Etemenaki (stepped ziggurat) in the center, and the Esagila (Temple of Marduk) to the right of it. Image Credit: J.R. Casals / https://www.artstation.com/artwork/25NVv [tried to get permission]

Taken from the ESV® Study Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright ©2008 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. For more information on how to cite this material, see permissions information here.
Daniel would have seen the grand palace of Nebuchadnezzar.

A panoramic view of the reconstructed Southern Palace of Nebuchadnezzar. Photo Credit: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg) / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0

Here is a modern reconstruction of what Nebuchadnezzar’s palace would have looked like:

Screenshot from Pedersén’s virtual 3D model of Babylon, period of Nebuchadnezzar II (604-662 BCE) and Nabonidus (555-539 BCE). Overlooking south onto the Etemenanki Ziggurat from within the South Palace main courtyard, walls decorated with glazed bricks.

On the north side of the city Nebuchadnezzar had built the majestic Ishtar Gate.

The Ishtar Gate in Babylon. Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

It was one of eight double-gates that served as entrances to the city and stood over 12m (38 feet) high. The gate was finished around 575 BC, after Daniel had already been living in the city for many years. He no doubt watched its construction and marveled at its beauty.

Today, a reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate can be seen at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. It is made out of materials excavated by Robert Koldewey in the early 1900’s.

A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. Photo Credit: flickr photo by youngrobv / CC BY-NC 2.0

In Daniel 4:30, King Nebuchadnezzar boasts, “Is not this great Babylon, which I have built by my mighty power as a royal residence and for the glory of my majesty?” The archaeological record affirms the massive building campaigns of Nebuchadnezzar.

Who was Daniel?

Daniel was a young man (Daniel 1:4), likely around the age of 16, when he was taken captive in the first wave of deportations in 605 B.C. Could you imagine, at that young age, being ripped from your family, your home, your friends, your chances for work or education, not knowing what was going to happen next? You didn’t know if you would live or die. You didn’t know if you would spend the remainder of your life enslaved or in prison. There were a lot of unknowns, and as we know, into that vacuum of unknowns, fear and anxiety are frequent irritants.

He never saw his family, friends, or homeland again. But what matters most about Daniel’s life is how he remained faithful to God throughout his life, while living in a land where its inhabitants had not even heard of Jehovah. Daniel was considered to be a man of great integrity, classified along with Noah and Job in Ezekiel 14:14, 20 as key intercessors. In fact, like Joseph, not a single sin is attributed to Daniel. And the angel repeatedly calls him “greatly beloved.”

These three intercessors represent our battle against the world, the flesh and the devil. Job overcame the devil, Noah the world, and Daniel the flesh.

The name Daniel (dan-i-el) means “God is my judge,” a name that likely guided and guarded Daniel’s thinking and conduct as he realized that one day God would hold him accountable for how he lived his life. It is likely that Daniel was one of several young men who came from “the royal family and of the nobility” (Daniel 1:3).

No mention is made, specifically, of Daniel’s birthplace or family (other than being of the tribe of Judah, Daniel 1:3) and thus the Jewish Encyclopedia concludes “It is not known whether he belonged to the family of the King of Israel or to that of an Israelitish magnate.”

Josephus (“Ant.” x. 10, § 1) evidently inferred from Sanh. i. 3 that Daniel was a relation of King Zedekiah (ἧσαυ τῶυ ἐκ τοῦ Σεδεκίου γέυους τέσσαρες ), while Pseudo-Epiphanius, on the strength of the same passage, makes Daniel the scion of a noble Israelitish family (compare Prince, “Critical Commentary on the Book of Daniel,” p. 25).

According to rabbinical tradition Daniel was of royal descent; and his fate, together with that of his three friends, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, was foretold by the prophet Isaiah to King Hezekiah in these words, “and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon” (Isa. xxxix. 7; compare Sanh. 93b; Pirḳe R. El. lii.; Origen, commentary to Matt. xv. 5; Jerome, commentary to Isaiah, l.c.). Of course, we do not know for sure that they were eunuchs, although we never hear of their wives or children.

Daniel served under king Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 1:19-20) all the way through the empire change and served King Cyrus (Daniel 1:21). Daniel bridges the entire 70 years of the Babylonian captivity (ca. 605–536 B.C.; cf. 1:1 and 9:1-3).

Daniel began his career about eighteen years before Jerusalem fell, and his last message was given after the Jews had returned to build again the temple (10:1.), covering a period of about 73 years from the year 607 to 534 B. C., then beyond that to the reign of Darius.

The most well-known event in the life of Daniel was his one-night stay in the den of lions under Darius. Today in the stands this depiction of a roaring lion (with wings, by the way).

https://www.worldhistory.org/image/724/lion-of-babylon-ishtar-gate/

This was one of 120 lions that lined the processional way into Nebuchadnezzar’s throne room and it dates to the exact time that Daniel was there in Babylon! He would have passed by these lions a number of times on his way to advise King Nebuchadnezzar. The glazed bricks remind us of the need for fiery furnaces needed to make the bricks. Daniel had been in Babylon 66 years and was 83 years old when he faced the lions.

The Book of Daniel

Date and Authorship

We will deal with who wrote the book and when because this issue has been debated by biblical scholars and historians. Was it written by Daniel in the 6th century B.C. or by someone else in the 2nd to 3rd century B.C.?

Conservative scholars have believed the book to be written by Daniel, taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar in 605 B.C. The record of events extends to the third year of Cyrus, 536 B.C., and, accordingly, covers a span of about seventy years. Daniel himself may well have lived on to about 530 B. C., and the book of Daniel was probably completed in the last decade of his life.

Although Daniel does not speak of himself in the first person until chapter 7, there is little question that the book presents Daniel as its author. This is assumed in the latter portion of the book and mentioned especially in 12:4. The use of the first person with the name Daniel is found repeatedly in the last half of the book (7:2, 15, 28; 8:1,15, 27; 9:2, 22; 10:2, 7, 11, 12; 12:5).

Important confirmation of the historicity of Daniel himself is found in three passages in Ezekiel (Eze 14:14, 20; 28:3), written after Daniel had assumed an important post in the king’s court at Babylon. Convincing also to conservative scholars is the reference to “Daniel the prophet” by Christ in the Olivet Discourse (Mt 24:15; Mk 13:14).

Except for the attack of the pagan Porphyry (third century A. D.), no question was raised concerning the traditional sixth century B. C. date, the authorship of Daniel the prophet, or the genuineness of the book until the rise of higher criticism in the seventeenth century, more than two thousand years after the book was written.

Higher criticism, totally humanistic and materialistic in its outlook, denies that Daniel could be the author because they want to deny the possibility of supernatural predictive prophecy and so the book had to be written later so that the prophecies related to Alexander the Great and the wars between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids would be a historical report rather than future events that were miraculously fulfilled by God’s sovereign plan.

Daniel wrote this book in the sixth century B.C. It records the events of Daniel’s life and the visions that he saw from the time of his exile in 605 B.C. (1:1) until 536 B.C., the third year of King Cyrus (10:1). Then it is Darius who consigned him to the den of lions (Dan. 6). So it is likely that Daniel finished this book around 520 B.C.

Ezekiel, Habakkuk, Jeremiah, and Zephaniah were Daniel’s prophetic contemporaries.

Jensen’s Survey of the Old Testament

Daniel is alluded to by the writer of Hebrews as one of “…the prophets: who through faith…stopped the mouths of lions” (Heb. 11:32-33).

Why do we believe that it was Daniel who wrote this book in the 6th century B. C., rather than some unnamed author in the 2nd century?

First, the book claims to be written by Daniel in Daniel 7:1 and 12:14.

In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon, Daniel saw a dream and visions of his head as he lay in his bed. Then he wrote down the dream and told the sum of the matter. (Dan. 7:1)

Second, Jesus attributed to Daniel the prophecy about the abomination of desolation (Dan. 12:11).

Jesus said, “You [will] see the abomination of desolation which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet” (Mt. 24:15).

Third, Ezekiel—a contemporary prophet—believed in a historical Daniel. Ezekiel lived in roughly 575 BC, and he explains that Daniel is a real and historical figure (Ezek. 14:14, 20; 28:3).

Fourth, Josephus—a first century Jewish and Roman historian—believed that Daniel was a prophet and a historical person. Josephus believed that the book of Daniel was shown to Alexander the Great, when he came to Jerusalem in 330 BC. Of course, Daniel predicted the life of Alexander the Great. So when he arrived in Jerusalem, the priests showed him these prophecies. Josephus writes,

\He (Alexander) came into the city; and when he went up into the temple, he offered sacrifice to God, according to the high priest’s direction, and magnificently treated both the high priest and the priests. And when the book of Daniel was showed to him, wherein Daniel declared that one of the Greeks should destroy the empire of the Persians, he supposed that himself was the person intended… The next day he called them to him, and had them ask what favors they pleased of him… (and) he granted all they desired.[4]

He did not destroy Jerusalem because of this.

Fifth, the author of 1 Maccabees believed Daniel was a historical person. In 1 Maccabees 2:59-61, we read, “Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael had faith, and they were saved from the flames. Daniel was a man of integrity, and he was rescued from the lion’s jaws. So bear in mind how in the history of the generations no one who trusts in Heaven ever lacks strength.”

In context, Matthathias was writing about an event which took place in 167 BC. Therefore, to have written this, he must have already considered Daniel to be a historical figure. As Walvoord writes, “It is highly questionable whether the Jews living in the Maccabean period would have accepted Daniel if it had not had a previous history of canonicity” (Walvoord, John. Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation, Introduction, 1989. See “Authorship”).

Sixth, 1 Enoch cites Daniel. When we compare 1 Enoch 14:18-22 with Daniel 7:9–10, we see striking similarities. 1 Enoch dates to roughly 150 BC.

Seventh, archaeological discoveries shows that Daniel faithfully described the sixth century world of Babylon.

  1. Daniel correctly distinguishes Susa and Elam.
    In Daniel 8:2, Daniel writes that he was “in the citadel of Susa, which is in the province of Elam.” Now, Susa was assigned to a new province in the Persian era. The territory of Elam was shrunk during this time, and Susa was assigned to a new territory of Susiana.
    It would have taken a 6th century inhabitant of Susa to know of this historical detail. A 2nd century author would have been out of date with this historical nuance. (Archer, Gleason L. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction: Revised and Expanded. Chicago, IL: Moody, 2007. 380).
  2. The existence of Belshazzar
    Prior to the middle of the 19th century, a Babylonian king named Belshazzar was unknown to history, allowing critics to question the historical accuracy of the book of Daniel. Ancient historians, such as Berosus and Abydenus recorded that Nabonidus was the last king of Babylon. Similarly, the Uruk King List omits Belshazzar, moving from Nabonidus to Cyrus.
    Things changed in 1854, when J.E. Taylor discovered four cylinders in the ruins of a ziggurat at Ur which contained a prayer of Nabonidus to the gods. The so-called Nabonidus Cylinders record:
    “As for me, Nabonidus, King of Babylon, save me from sinning against your great godhead and grant me as a present a life of long days, and as for Belshazzar, my oldest son my offspring, instill reverence for your great godhead in his heart and may he not commit any cultic mistake, may he be sated with a life of plentitude.”

One of the Nabonidus cylinders from Ur, which records Nabonidus’ renovations to the moon god, Sin’s, ziggurat, as well as a prayer for himself and his son Belshazzar. Photo: A.D. Riddle / Bibleplaces.com.

  1. Nabonidus Chronicle
    That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean king was killed. (Dan 5:30)
    The Babylonian Chronicle for the years 556 to 539 BC, also called the Nabonidus Chronicle, describes the final years of King Nabonidus’ reign and the fall of Babylon to Cyrus, king of Persia. It records:
    “When Cyrus did battle at Opis on the [bank of] the Tigris against the army of Akkad, the people of Akkad retreated. He carried off the plunder (and) slaughtered the people. On the fourteenth day Sippar was captured without a battle. Nabonidus fled. On the sixteenth day, Ugbaru, governor of Gutium, and the army of Cyrus, without battle they entered Babylon. Afterwards, after Nabonidus retreated, he was captured in Babylon…. On the third day of the month Arahsamna, Cyrus entered Babylon.” (iii, 12-18)

The Nabonidus Chronicle describes the final years of King Nabonidus’ reign and the fall of Babylon to the Persians. Photo: ChrisO / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0

Moreover, William Shea has argued, based on other details in the text of the Nabonidus chronicle that the enigmatic “Darius the Mede” who became King of Babylon (Dan. 5:31) was none other than Ugbaru, the general of the army who captured the city. Thus, the historicity of Darius was verified.

  1. Dead Sea Scroll Fragments of Daniel
    “So when you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place…” (Mat 24:15)
    Many today would argue that the book of Daniel was composed sometime during the second century BC, after the prophecies related to the Seleucids and Maccabeans (Dan. 9-12), and not during the sixth century BC by the prophet himself. According to this theory, Daniel was written to encourage the Jewish people during the Maccabean period (ca. 168-165 BC). This late date is assumed largely on the basis of the presupposition of modern scholars that supernatural fore-telling of events is not possible.
    The fact that these copies are now known to exist shows us that already in the second century B. C. the book of Daniel was already composed, circulated and accepted as canonical.
    You might ask, why is this important—whether Daniel wrote the book or not, whether it communicates actual historical events from the 6th century B.C. or records apocryphal tales from the 2nd century?
    As James Hamilton puts it,
    There is a massive difference between the theological meaning of a wish-fantasy and that of a historically reliable account of God miraculously preserving someone alive in a fiery furnace. Dismissing a false fable as irrelevant to my conduct reflects my view of the theological meaning and value of fairy tales. Risking my life because I believe the stories result from convictions about theological meaning that cannot be separated from historicity. …
    If some Maccabean-era author is making fraudulent claims, if these are fictional deliverances and not future predictions but recitals of what has already happened presented as though being predicted by Daniel, then there is no real proof that Yahweh can either deliver from death or predict the future. This means there is no proof that he is any better than the false gods who can neither reveal the future nor deliver their worshippers, which is exactly what the book of Daniel claims Yahweh can do. …
    The whole theological meaning of the book depends upon Yahweh’s ability to deliver his people and declare the future before it takes place. If he cannot do these things, no one should “stand firm and take action” and risk his life for Yahweh (Dan. 11:32).
    J. M. Hamilton Jr., With the Clouds of Heaven: The Book of Daniel in Biblical Theology, New Studies in Biblical Theology 32 (Nottingham, England: Apollos, 2014), 31–32.

Introduction to the Book of Daniel, part 1

Well, today we are starting a study of the Old Testament major prophet, the book of Daniel. You might wonder, “Why study the book of Daniel?”

In many corners of the world these days the climate of hostility hangs over any overt Christian faith commitment or any gathering of believers in Jesus Christ. Any kind of Christian commitment is now assumed to imply intolerance and often prompts reactions that range from a low-grade hostility and exclusion in the West to the vicious and murderous assaults on Christian believers in Pakistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt, Syria and Iraq and elsewhere.

Such issues are not new. Christians have faced them ever since Nero’s lions, and even before that. Jews also have faced the same questions all throughout their history, most tragically sometimes enduring horrendous persecution from states claiming to be Christian. So, it is not surprising that the Bible gives a lot of attention to these questions.

The book of Daniel tackles the problem head on, both in the historical stories of Daniel and his friends, and in the prophetic visions he received. A major theme of the book is how people who worship the one, true, living God—the God of Israel—can live and work and survive in the midst of a nation, a culture, and a government that are hostile and sometimes life-threatening. What does it mean to live as believers in the midst of a non-Christian state and culture? How can we live “in the world” and yet not let the world own us and squeeze us into the shape of its own fallen values and assumptions? How can one stay faithful to God in the midst of a hostile culture in the midst life-threatening pressures to bow the knee to another god? Can God be trusted in such times?

The book was written to encourage believers to keep in mind that both the present and the future, no matter how terrifying they may become, rests in the faithful hands of the sovereign Lord God—and in that assurance to get on with the challenging task of living in God’s world for the sake of God’s mission. We need that encouragement even today.

We want to start today by examining the historical background of the book of Daniel. It’s always important to put the books of the Bible in their historical time and situation. It helps us dive deeper into the text instead of just skimming the surface.

The Assyrian Empire ruled and reigned over the Ancient Near East for nearly 300 years, beginning with an expansion under Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 B.C.) and ending with attacks from the Babylonians and Medes around the mid 7th century B.C.

Map 75 Assyrian Supremacy in the Seventh Century, Holman Bible Atlas, p. 151

After Solomon, the kingdom of Israel was divided. Jeroboam took ten tribes and they became known as the Northern Kingdom, leaving only Judah and Benjamin with Rehoboam, the son of Solomon.

Map 57 The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, Holman Bible Atlas, p. 118

Shalmaneser V sacked Damascus, the capital city of the Northern Kingdom in 722 B.C., taking those people captive and scattering them among the other conquered peoples of that campaign. The Southern Kingdom, ruled by the line of David, lasted another roughly 150 years. There were no good kings in all the history of the Northern Kingdom, but there were a few in the Southern Kingdom.
Josiah was the last good king of Judah. Under his leadership a religious reform took place (640 B.C. to 609 B.C.). That reform is described in the Bible in 2 Kings 22–23 and 2 Chronicles 34–35. The author of Kings describes the accession of Josiah to the throne at 8 years of age, and then some busy years of reform in his teenage years (age 16-18). So as far as teenagers go, he was a pretty good one! Even as a youth “he began to seek the God of his ancestor David” (2 Chron. 34:3)

It begins with the decision to renovate the Temple, which leads to the discovery of the Book of the Law. Josiah removed pagan altars and idols from the temple, destroyed rural sanctuaries, and took down other places of worship. He centralized worship in Jerusalem, having destroyed the temple at Bethel. He renewed the covenant with his people. Josiah restored the Passover after many years of neglect and he returned the Ark of the Covenant to the Temple.

Both books [2 Kings and 2 Chronicles] bookend the story of Josiah with the highest possible praise for this king. Unlike so many of the kings of Judah, Josiah “walked in the way of his father David, turning aside neither to the right or the left.” But he was even greater than David: “Before him there was no king like him, who turned to the Lord with all his heart, with all his soul, and with all his might, according to all the law of Moses; nor did any like him arise after him” (2 Kings 22:2; 23:25; cf. 2 Chron. 34:2; 35:18).

However, Josiah met an early death at the hand of the Egyptian King Neco II. Neco was leading an Egyptian force northward to support a final Assyrian effort to recapture Haran. Josiah intercepted Neco near Megiddo, was mortally wounded, and eventually was buried in Jerusalem (2 Kings 23:28-30; 2 Chronicles 35:20-27).

Josiah Battles Neco

The consolidation of the Chaldean Dynasty at Babylon was completed by 609 B.C. The victory of Nabopolassar over the Assyrian and Egyptian armies made Babylon the new master. From there, the Babylonians began to invade southward into Syria and Palestine.

The prophet Habakkuk foresaw these events, declaring that God was “For behold, I am raising up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, who march through the breadth of the earth, to seize dwellings not their own” (Hab. 1:6)

The ensuing power struggle between Babylon and Egypt caught Israel in a vice-grip and put the kings of Judah in a precarious position. To whom would they appeal for help?

With the death of Josiah in 609 B.C., Neco removed Jehoahaz, a son of Josiah chosen by the people of Judah, and replaced him with another son whose regal name was Jehoiakim (2 Kings 23:30-35). Judah was for a short time an Egyptian vassal, and Jehoiakim reigned at the pleasure of Neco.
The Battle of Carchemish in 605 B.C. established Babylon as the dominant power all the way to the border of Egypt.

Jeremiah 46

In 604 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar campaigned in Palestine and conquered Ashkelon. Jehoiakim quickly switched his allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar. It was during this campaign that Nebuchadnezzar took hostages from Jerusalem, which included such men as Daniel and his three companions Hanniah, Mishael and Azariah and carried them to Babylon (Daniel 1:1-7) and the seventy years of captivity had begun (Daniel 9:1-2; Jeremiah 25:11; 2 Chronicles 36:17-21).

Jeremiah’s prophecy foretold that the “land shall be a desolation” and that the Jews would “serve the king of Babylon seventy years” (Jeremiah 25:11; compare 2 Chronicles 36:17-21). After the 70 years were completed in Babylon, God told them, He would cause them “to return to this place [Jerusalem]” (Jeremiah 29:10).

However, Jeremiah 29:4-7 also tells the Israelites who were exiled to Babylon to settle down, build homes, and work for the welfare of the city. The passage also instructs them to pray for the city’s prosperity, as their own prosperity would be tied to it. However, this wouldn’t be easy. Psalm 137 hauntingly records, “By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion. On the willows there we hung up our lyres. For there our captors required of us songs, and our tormentors, mirth, saying, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion!” How shall we sing the LORD’s song in a foreign land? If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its skill! Let my tongue stick to the roof of my mouth, if I do not remember you, if I do not set Jerusalem above my highest joy!” (Psalm 137:1-6)

These people, who once experienced the favor of the true God, find themselves debased and enslaved by their enemy. Far from home. Paralyzed with fear. Their identity stripped from them. Their captors taunt them, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion!” And instead they wept, remembering Zion and their glory days there.

Some of these people would grow comfortable in Babylon and would forget Zion. Some would return, and some of them, like Daniel would remain as a faithful remnant in a foreign, anti-God culture.

But Jeremiah had prophesied that their captivity would last 70 years. This prophecy of punishment came upon the people of Judah because of their disobedience to God’s laws. As Jeremiah explained to the people of Judah, “3 For twenty-three years, from the thirteenth year of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah, to this day, the word of the Lord has come to me, and I have spoken persistently to you, but you have not listened. 4 You have neither listened nor inclined your ears to hear, although the Lord persistently sent to you all his servants the prophets,” (Jeremiah 25:3-4).

This prophecy of punishment came upon the people of Judah because of their disobedience to God’s laws. According to the Jamieson, Fausset and Brown Commentary, the 70 years was “the exact number of years of Sabbaths in four hundred and ninety years, the period from Saul to the Babylonian captivity.

James Tissot’s painting “The Flight of the Prisoners” illustrates Judah’s exile from Jerusalem.

Nebuchadnezzar also came against Jerusalem on two other occasions, first in 598 B.C. against Jehoiakim. Jerusalem was besieged and finally surrendered on March 16, 597 B.C. and Jehoiakim apparently died during the siege. He was replaced by Jehoiahin, who surrendered the city.
The Babylonians plundered the city, including the temple treasuries and deported Jehoiachin and his family along with other Jewish leaders (2 Kings 24:13-16), including the prophet Ezekiel.
After the surrender of Jerusalem in 597 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar appointed Mattaniah, the young uncle of Jehoiachin, as king of Judah and changed his name to Zedekiah. Zedekiah’s reign of 11 years was marked with anti-Babylonian conspiracy despite Jeremiah’s condemnation of this policy (Jere. 27-29).

Nebuchadnezzar’s Final Campaign against Judah

The final collapse of the southern kingdom of Judah as an independent nation came at the hands of King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon in 586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar’s army besieged Jerusalem again from 588-586 B.C., and when the city’s supplies were completely depleted, Jerusalem fell and the temple was destroyed. Zedekiah fled towards Egypt but was captured and forced to witness the execution of his sons before being blinded and led away to Babylon in chains. A third deportation of Jews occurred at this time.

Judah Is Exiled to Babylon

Babylon: The Heart of the Empire

Daniel and his friends were taken to Babylon (Daniel 1:1-6). Babylon was the chief city of Babylonia, long the capital of the kingdom and empire that controlled the whole or a large part of the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates. This was the Neo-Babylonian empire, the latest rendition of Babylonian dynasties.

It was spiritually like walking into the mouth of the lion. Who is our lion-enemy? Living in Babylon was no vacation from home, as Psalm 137:1 reports: “By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion.” It was indeed a very sad time.

Although we are not sure of the origin of Babylon, its roots lie in Genesis 10:8-12.

8 Cush fathered Nimrod; he was the first on earth to be a mighty man. 9 He was a mighty hunter before the Lord. Therefore it is said, “Like Nimrod a mighty hunter before the Lord.” 10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 11 From that land he went into Assyria and built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, Calah, and 12 Resen between Nineveh and Calah; that is the great city.

It appears to be mentioned in a historical inscription by Agu-kak-rime (about 1650 B.C.), who restored the shrines of Marduk and Sarpanit in the temple of E-sagila.

View of the Ruins of Babylon. (From Perrot and Chipiez, “Art in Chaldæa and Assyria.”)

The ruins which have been identified with ancient Babylon lie about 50 miles south of the city of Bagdad and on the east bank of the Euphrates.

Of course, most of us are familiar with the historical situation in Genesis 11, where the nations, which were supposed to ““Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth” (Gen. 9:1), instead migrated from the west and found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there, and said “Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth” (Gen. 11:4).

God was against this, confused their language (Gen. 11:7) and “dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth” (11:8). That place was called Babel “because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth” (11:9). It is quite possible that the Nimrod mentioned in Genesis 10 took over this region and established his new kingdom.

After Nimrod established himself as a king and began conquering the surrounding lands (Genesis 10:10-11), he was sadly elevated to a godlike status by his descendants, worshipped simply as “Belus/Bel,” or the more common “Baal/Ba’al” (John Gill, Exposition of the Old Testament, notes on Genesis 10:6). He was also known as Marduk/Merodach, who is equated with “Bel” in Jeremiah 50:2. The tower became known as the tower of Bel, after “Belus Nimrod” or the “Temple Tower of Marduk”—another variant name for Nimrod.

From its beginning, as a center lifted up against God, Babel and Babylon became known as the anti-God city. In the Bible, Babel and Babylon are cities that represent human rebellion against God, idolatry, and oppression.

Later in its history the Assyrian king Sennacherib sacked Babylon around the same timeframe as King Hezekiah and the prophet Isaiah (around the seventh to eighth centuries BC). In fact, Sennacherib even tried conquering Jerusalem, which caused Hezekiah to cry out to God for help and resulted in God rescuing the city and sending Sennacherib back to Nineveh.

When the city of Babylon rebelled, Sennacherib had Babylon destroyed and then flooded. The following king of Assyria, Esarhaddon (one of Sennacherib’s sons), rebuilt Babylon back to its famed glory in his short 12-year reign.

Esarhaddon’s oldest son and heir died young. But in a strange twist, Esarhaddon gave the power of his throne, not to his son next in line for the throne (Shamash-shum-ukin), but instead to his younger son (Ashurbanipal). In a consolation attempt, Shamash-shum-ukin was given charge of Babylon itself, yet still under the authority of his younger brother. This, of course, had the initial makings of a rebellion (in case you didn’t notice).

Ashurbanipal of Assyria and Nineveh (the younger brother and now supreme ruler of the empire) defeated the city of Babylon (ruled by his older brother Shamash-shum-ukin) as it tried to revolt. After the fall of the Assyrians, Babylon was taken over by the Chaldeans (descendants of Heber) under Nabopolassar. This was the beginning of the Neo-Babylonian empire.

Order of events using Ussher’s date for the tower of Babel (though it was likely a little later)
https://answersingenesis.org/tower-of-babel/history-and-archaeology-of-worlds-oldest-city/?srsltid=AfmBOooYNryD0J5BVFvFNuS_qr_2JbnvjgdRVoAZjnjVQXBZOaLnThwC